"Someday my log has something to say about this."
For citing please use Kuncic, A. (2012). Institutional Quality Database. Kiel Advanced Studies Working Papers 457, Kiel Institute for the World Economy.
For data description please see the new version Kuncic, A. (2013). Institutional Quality Dataset. Mimeo."
171 countries with at least one year of observation both in POLITY IV and Archigos 2.5, each for 1800-2003
Archigos is a collaborative effort of Hein Goemans (University of Rochester), Kristian Skrede Gleditsch (University of Essex) and Giacomo Chiozza (University of California, Berkeley). For a detailed description of the data, please refer to the case description document, available at mail.rochester.edu/~hgoemans.
_tv notes the variable time varies . Thus the exit variable records the eventual manner of losing office, whereas exit_tv records it only for the leader actually lost office.
Please cite Chiozza, Giacomo and Hein Goemans and Kristian Skrede Gleditsh (2009), Introducing Archigos: A Data Set of Political Leaders. Journal of Peace Research, 46(2): 269-283.
See http://mail.rochester.edu/~hgoemans/data for documentation and current data.
Authors : Hein Goemans, Kristian Skrede Gleditsch and Giacomo Chiozza
For details on the variables ending in _cheibub, go to: https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/cheibub/www/DD_page.html
gdpppp95 data for Bosnia/Herzegovina; Bhutan; Brunei; */
This data set contains the data necessary to replicate Table 1 in James D. Fearon and David D. Laitin, Ethnicity,Insurgency, and Civil War, _American Political Science Review_ 97, 1 (February 2003):75-90. A few additional variables are included relevant to claims made in the paper. See Fearon and Laitin, Additional Tables for Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War, at http://www.stanford.edu/group/ethnic/ for more information on the data contained here.
I created Polity4 and Stock
DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS: The Epi-Info GVED data-entry interface is available upon request from the PI, Megan Reif, at reifmegan@live.com.
Technical information on files: The data were entered using a custom atabase in Epi-Info 3.3.5, free public health database software from the United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and later exported to Stata 13 for cleaning.
UNIT(S) OF ANALYSIS/OBSERVATION: Each observation represents an election. For every day on which a country held a national election, it appears as an observation "Country-Election Day" in the dataset, with Year, Month, and Day representing separate columns. This dataset cannot be analyzed as time-series unless the user designates which type of elections and rounds will be analyzed and how their indicators will be summarized. For simultaneous elections in which violence occurred but it is unclear whether the violence related, for example, to a presidential or legislative election, violence data is usually provided for election types on the same day, so this data should be averaged across the dates not added.
Planned Data Sources: See aforementioned. Additional country-specific sources not mentioned. The PI welcomes suggestions for additional sources for pre-1850 elections.
CURRENT DATA SOURCE(S): See aforementioned citations.
Additional sources and variables continued: 1(d) Scholarly books and articles and reference books on each country (e) National European-language newspapers for each country (f)Annual survey on election violence and security of National Election Management Bodies (EMBs), police, and other country sources (first annual survey underway by the PI in collaboration with the Central Election Commission of Georgia and the International Centre for Parliamentary Studies (ICPS)). (2) Double-code all elections for all sources and indicators; (3) Add additional dates to provide more complete information and indicators for the following events: (a) elections that have been scheduled and postponed or cancelled; (b) voter registration periods; (c) campaign periods; (d) results announcement dates; (e) government inauguration dates; (f) subnational elections (e.g., U.S. elections, China village elections, same-day municipal elections in countries like France, Algeria, Pakistan, etc.). (4) Indicators for additional institutional variables, including: (a) Indicator of extent to which female candidates or voters were specifically targeted in incidents of violence. (b) Election security measures in place (e.g., number of military, police, and other troops deployed) (c) Interventions to prevent election violence (e.g., civil society anti-violence radio programs) (d) Publicly-available incident tracking and mapping programs (e.g., Ushahidi) (e) Major administrative electoral reforms preceding each election (e.g., electronic voting machines introduced, transparent ballot boxes, etc.) (f) Widespread vandalism, disputes about posters and other election materials (g) Election disputes. (Illustrative)
Additional sources and variables planned for GVED pending funding: 1) Refine indicators using the following additional sources for every year in which they are available, with disaggregation of sources when possible: (a)New York Times (1815-) (b)Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS) (c) Refine from Observation Mission and Crisis Assessment Reports (e.g., Carter Center, Creative Associates, Democracy International, IFES, National Democratic Institute, (NDI) International Republican Institute (IRI), Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), International Crisis Group (ICG), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the European Union (EU), the Council of Europe (CE), International Center for Parliamentary Studies (ICPS), the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), ACEEO, NAMFREL, Electoral Institute of Southern Africa (EISA), ECOWAS, and others.
VERSIONS AND PLANNED UPDATES: This is version 1.0 of the dataset, which provides data on election violence from Keesing's Record of World Events, suffrage and other election information from Nohlen and colleagues, and aforementioned sources. Collection of additional election dates and related indicators is ongoing from additional sources to refine existing coding, to code pre-male suffrage and pre-democratic indirect elections throughout history. Code GVED indicators for all national elections for the 1789-2012 period and ongoing annual updates for 2013 and beyond;
DATE, GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION OF DATA COLLECTION, AND TIME PERIOD COVERED: This dataset provides dates for all national elections (legislative, executive, referenda, constitutive assembly elections, etc.) from either (a) the date of universal male suffrage; or (b) independence, with the exception of Russia, China, and Eastern Europe, through the end of 2012, for 207 countries in the world. Countries not listed in the Correlates of War Dataset because of their small size or disappearance from the state system were included if they were found to have a national election during the time period of the database. The dates for socialist countries approximate the same time period but have not had the same history of suffrage expansion, restricting bourgeoisie or landowners' right to vote, or requiring party membership to vote during their communist histories.  In addition, the sources on election dates for these countries is less systematic that those for other states.The earliest date included in the dataset is 1789, the average date of entry into the dataset is 1904, with a complete dataset of national sovereign elections since 1890. Pre-independence, colonial, local, provincial, pre-male-suffrage and other election dates and indicators are provided where sources mentioned them but they are not exhaustive.
Sampling and Sampling Procedures: The population of interest was the universe of all countries that have held at least one election, whether or not it was democratic, indirect or direct suffrange, and held in a nonsovereign (colonial, occupation) or sovereign context. The project began with a population drawn initially from the Correlates of War Project (COW), and expanded to include countries with populations smaller than 25,000 and not necessarily recognized by two or more major powers (See Singer, 1972). The list was supplemented with lists of UN entities, the list of ISO-3166-1 entity codes, and various region- and country-specific books, articles, and online databases. All national legislative and executive elections since the introduction of male suffrage and/or sovereign independence are reliably included in the dataset based on the series of volumes by Nohlen and coauthors. An effort was made to include indirect and pre-independence elections and subnational elections whenever such information was available, but inclusion is not systematic and should not be viewed as exhaustive. Papal elections since 1092 are included. Elections in socialist and authoritarian states were also included, although information about the dates, types, and nature of such elections are less reliable than for countries outside of the Soviet Bloc and China. The list of election dates at the subnational level---only level at which relatvely competitive elections are held-in China is not complete. Data collection began August 2005 and ended in April 2006. Variables on violence and fraud are only complete for the 1931-2013 period and are based on Keesing's Record of World Events in this version. The earliest start dates are in the mid 1800s, when full male suffrage was first introduced in some countries. Where election dates are available for elections in which only propertied or ethnic majority males were allowed to vote, such dates are included in the dataset. A variable specifying the level of suffrage for a particular election should be examined carefully for analysis, since only the dates for full male suffrage and/or since independence in the case of former colonies are complete.
Project Description References: Reif, Megan E. 2013. Making Democracy Safe. Ph.D. , Political Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. Singer, Joel David. 1972. The Wages of War 1816-1965: A Statistical Handbook. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Project Description: Scholars who make use of aggregate data on economic growth, civil wars, and other cross-national indicators of government and economic performance have identified election years as special events that, at the very least, should be included as control variables in statistical analysis, or analyzed from a theoretical perspective. Overall democracy indicators for a country do not necessarily capture the nature of specific elections. The well-known Polity IV dataset, for example, characterizes countries like Jamaica as democratic since the late 1940s, but over 800 people died in Jamaica's 1980 election, and large numbers of deaths occurred in elections in the late 1990s. Violent and fraudulent elections occur in otherwise democratic systems. This new dataset treats the national election as the unit of analysis and adds a new indicator that can be included in measures of democratic quality and regime crises that may contribute to better capturing temporal variation to longer-term measures of democratic institutions.The purpose of this dataset is to provide basic indicator variables that identify national-level elections that have been characterized by violence, fraud, or both, and an approximation of the number of deaths and injuries associated with this violence. GVED was collected as part of Megan Reif's dissertation, "Making Democracy Safe" (Reif 2013).  Correlates of War country codes (Singer 1972) are included to facilitate combination of the data with other commonly-used datasets in political science.
Data Collector/Producer: Megan Reif, Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Political Science, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Data collection carried out at the International Foundation for Election Systems, Washington, DC, and at the University of Michigan-Ann Arbor from August 2005 through February 2006 and at the University of Colorado Denver from November 2012 - February 2013. Sources were located by Megan Reif and given to research assistants for coding. A sample of countries entered by each research assistant was checked by Megan Reif to ensure coding accuracy. However, due to limitations on resources, full double-coding of each election was not conducted and will be included in further versions of the dataset.
CITATION: Reif, Megan E. Global Violent Elections Dataset (GVED) v1.0, 2013 [Computer File and Codebook]; Megan E. Reif, University of Michigan Department of Political Science [producer], 2005. Ann Arbor, MI. [updated 2013].
Bibliographic Citation:Any publication or other presentation based in whole or part on the data and documentation associated with GVED must prominently use the citation provided. To ensure that such source attributions are captured for social science bibliographic utilities, citations must appear in footnotes or in the reference section of publications.
Copyright Megan Reif 2005-2013.
This codebook has been prepared according to the Guide to Social Science Data Preparation and Archiving: Best Practice Throughout the Data Life Cycle (Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research 2005).
Megan Reif, Principal Investigator
Without chemicals, he points.
Bored now.
The owls are not what they seem.
Bunnies aren't just cute like everybody supposes.
Exceptions to averaging deaths over conflict years include Rwanda and Nagorno Karabagh.
wbgdp gives federal republic data for Germany. unclear if Czech data refers to Czechoslovakia or only the Czech part.
dropped Germany (ccode = 255) for lack of data, added missing cases for Czechoslovakia to match to cyear2 data
"Bunnies aren't just cute like everybody supposes."
Interstate, CIVIL and extrastate wars, by nation year, when multiple wars then only consider largest (by deaths)
how change_pcy was constructed: by country: replace change_pcy=( pcy- lagpcy)
the change variables are constructed by country
how absolute value of change in variance was created: replace abschange_variance=abs( wvar_secprod- lagwvar)
how change in variance was created replace change_variance=( wvar_secprod- lagwvar)
by country: replace abschange_variance=abs( wvar_secprod- lagwvar)
by country: replace change_variance=(wvar_secprod- lagwvar)
drop if (country==87 & year==1993)
"The owls are not what they seem."